A powered wheelchair is a mobility device designed to help people with moderate to severe physical limitations or chronic illnesses maneuver. Many patients with ALS and quadriplegia have to depend on others to move their wheelchairs. Although assistive mobility devices, such as manual and electrical wheelchairs, exist, these options do not suit all individuals who suffer from activity limitations. This project aims to use information technology to assist people with disabilities to move their wheelchairs independently in order to enjoy their lives and integrate into their community. The proposed hands-free wheelchair is based on an eye-controlled system. Different eye tracker measuring technologies have emerged, including the search coil, EOG, VOG, and IOG systems. Typically, eye-tracking systems combine eyeball tracking techniques with hardware and software. Instead of using hands, the eyeball is employed to control the wheelchair's motions. The IR eye-tracking system was adopted in this project for several advantages. To achieve this goal, a system consisting of a head-mounted eye-tracker, a powered wheelchair, and an obstacles detector has been designed and tested. The head-mounted eye-tracking system uses IR light emitters and sensors in gaze detection by measuring the intensity of the IR light reflected from the corneal. The changes in the reflected intensity can be translated into signals to determine an eye position. After the gaze direction is determined, it is used to steer the wheelchair accordingly. Furthermore, the chair includes safety features that implement proximity sensors to prevent crashing into objects. Index Terms — EOG, Eye-tracking systems, Gaze point, IOG, IR sensor, Purkinje image, Search coil, Ultrasonic sensor, Video based.

Renewable energy is the fastest-growing energy source globally. In Saudi Arabia, the increase of renewable energy sources provides an opportunity to develop a renewable energy sector. As a result, the Saudi Ministry of Energy attempts to persuade the private sector to increase their investments in renewable energy locally. It aligns with Saudi Arabia's development goal to identify alternative energy sources to produce electricity. Furthermore, the electricity consumption rate in the water desalination system has constantly been growing; thus, higher power prices have emerged. Therefore, the project aims to develop an energy harvesting solution that generates energy from water desalination systems using a hydroelectric system and piezoelectric transducers. Three alternatives were generated to choose the optimum design solution. The ideal design contains the piezoelectric transducer in Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) material, a circular diaphragm shape, and a small hydroelectric system. To control the system Li-ion battery and Arduino Uno will be used. The design consists of two main systems: a water level detector and a power harvesting system. The water level detector is installed in the hydroelectric system's reservoir to monitor the solenoid valve added in the penstock using Arduino Uno. The power harvesting system contains piezoelectric transducers and a small hydroelectric system, added after the desalination process to refeed the water desalination system. The proposed system achieves the design objectives through two stages: hardware and software preparations and the power generated from the power harvesting system testing with the help of the water level detector system. In addition, the Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) material was improved using the doping method with the Lanthanum (La) material to enhance its properties and provide more power output. Finally, the voltage response to different pressure values was observed for PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) and PLZT (Lanthanum doped Lead Zirconate Titanate) piezoelectric sensors. Index Terms — hydroelectric system, piezoelectric transducer, power harvesting, reverse osmosis, water desalination system, water level detector.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the world relied on conventional sanitizing products that involved unsafe toxic chemicals. Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) is introduced in many sanitizing applications, as it splits the DNA/RNA, forcing microorganisms unable to spread. For that, ultraviolet disinfection technology is presented in this project design to replace the old non environmental practices. Far-UVC is a small part of the UV spectrum with wavelengths from 207 nm to 222 nm proven to be effective against micrograms. This project aims to apply Far-UVC technology to design an easily used, reliable, and optimized system to control and monitor the sanitizing operation. Moreover, this project design combines two different sanitizing modes designed to serve the need of a dental clinic’s daily sanitizing technique. The first mode is intended to sanitize the dentist’s tools. The second mode is for the surfaces and handlers in the clinic. Furthermore, this project will determine the UVC disinfection parameters (dosage, intensity, exposure time, wavelength, and distance). The project will have an application to monitor the system and save information in the database as a reference for the client. Index Terms — Disinfection, Far-UVC, Germicidal Irradiation, Light intensity, Object sanitizing, Surface Sanitizing, and Ultraviolet.

As a result of urban development, people spend more time in the indoor environment which increases the need to provide indoor positioning systems. Unfortunately, global positioning system (GPS) technology cannot be applied effectively in indoor environments since its signals are affected by barriers and walls. Therefore, other technologies have been developed to suit the conditions of indoor environments, the most recent of which is Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) technology. Basically, Li-Fi is a technology that uses visible light to transmit data. Thus, this project aims to harness the pre-existing lighting systems in the buildings to develop a cost-effective indoor positioning system. By applying the On-Off Keying (OOK) modulation method, the light signals of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are modified to send specific ID associated with a particular position. The modified light signals are received by a photodiode sensor attached to a smartphone, which will display the location on the map and provide an audio description using neighboring Points of Interest (PoIs). Index Terms — Indoor positioning, LED, Li-Fi, Localization, OOK modulation, Photodiode, Wireless communication, Visible light communication.

Despite technical advancements, fire remains one of the most pressing issues that have yet to be resolved. The essential aspect of fires is the loss of people's lives. Fire disasters lead to high death rates due to people being stuck in fires. It may be impossible to prevent a fire, but it would be beneficial to reduce the impact of a fire in terms of human lives lost. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be utilized in fire-related difficulties such as accessing and exploring buildings in fire cases because of their ability to manage dangerous and risky duties as well as their fast and efficient performance. An indoor unmanned aerial vehicle will be constructed to search for survivors and locate them within a short period. As a result, firefighters will not have to be physically inside the building to perform rescue operations. The proposed UAV is operated via remote control. A camera is mounted on the UAV so that the UAV controller can monitor the area. The UAV uses a thermal sensor to locate and detect human presence, and the NGIMU sensor acquires extremely precise indoor positioning. Developing a novel approach to human detection and localization for firefighters that uses improved techniques can reduce the negative impact of fire disasters. Index terms — firefighters, fire disasters, human detection, indoor positioning, UAV, rescue

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an unprecedented challenge worldwide and led to a global health crisis. The very mild symptoms that the virus is characterized with caused it to spread rapidly, making its infection rate the highest among other viruses. Hence, rules and regulations including measuring the body temperature and checking if people are vaccinated before entering any facility were enforced by governments. In addition, guidelines regarding maintaining hand hygiene through washing and sanitizing were strongly recommended. Adhering to the former regulations and guidelines, left facilities facing a challenge in measuring the body temperature and checking the health condition fast enough to limit the lines of crowds outside their establishment. Furthermore, there have been many instances where people experienced dryness due to the excess use of hand sanitizers. These challenges emphasized the need of a more effective method to aid people and facilities in implementing the necessary preventative measures. Therefore, the proposed solution is a self-sanitizing glove that aims to help the citizens of COVID-19 affected countries in the global pandemic by limiting the spread of the virus. Accordingly, three alternative solutions that differ in the methods used to achieve the objectives were proposed and assessed to find the most optimum solution. The proposed project consists of a sustainable glove that can sanitize its surface automatically using a liquid pump, measure the user’s body temperature using an IR sensor, and identify the health status (i.e., immune or infected) by linking a camera module to the Tawakkalna application. Moreover, the glove will alert the user in case the measured body temperature was above the normal range through a blue LED. Whereas, the health status will be displayed as eligible or ineligible using a green and red LED’s, respectively. The project will include a Raspberry Pi for image processing along with an Arduino to control all the outputs. Index Terms — Body Temperature, Color Detection, COVID-19, Health Condition, IR Sensor, Preventative Measures, Self-Sanitizing Glove, Tawakkalna.

Visually impaired people do not have the feasible means that allow them to rely on reading as their main source of knowledge. The available sources of knowledge for visually impaired people include braille books, audio books and braille displays. Braille books are produced using braille embossers, but they are bulky and lack the diversity that regular books have. Audio books also have the same lack of variation. Braille displays solve these issues as they are not bulky and can display text files. However, they are quite costly since they rely mainly on piezoelectric actuators, and they require the preparation of text files in advance. The proposed solution is a low-cost braille display with a text-to-braille scanner and translator, thus, eliminating the need for preparing text files in advance. This project comprises 4 core steps which are: scanning the pages, performing OCR, translating the text to binary text of 0s and 1s and using the microcontroller to drive the linear actuators that display the braille characters. These steps are attained by using a handheld scanner to scan the pages, feature extraction method through tesseract to implement OCR, customized braille dictionaries in Arabic and English to translate the text into braille, and finally the characters are displayed using magnetic actuators which drive the display pins up and down via magnetic deflection and attraction. This method is low cost and does not rely on so many moving parts. Therefore, magnetic actuators are easy to implement and are long lasting. Furthermore, the microprocessor chosen is Raspberry Pi 4B and it is programmed using Python. The project is envisioned to be in the shape of an electronic tablet with the scanner component attached to it. Index Terms __ Braille ASCII, Braille Reader, Microcontrollers and Microprocessors, Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Pins mechanisms, Refreshable Braille Display, Scanners, Text-to-Braille Translator, Visually Impaired.

Saudi Arabia's 2030 strategy calls for the country to move away from oil and fuel-based economies and instead focus on renewables, particularly solar power. Saudi Arabia's geographical location is significant since it lies above the equator, contributing to an increase in sun density. As a result, the high temperature comes from the sun. The high-temperature energy could be converted to electrical energy using a concentrated solar power system. This project aims to design and build a system that can harvest the solar energy that is stored in the sand to convert it to electrical power by collecting the solar power and studying the material of the sand to know how it stores the temperature. Three alternatives were created to form the best combination of mirrors, receiver, tank and water tubes, condenser, turbine with a generator. The system consists of two parts: mechanical and electrical parts. The mechanical part consists of a concentrated solar power system that will concentrate and reflect the solar radiation energy to the sand particles that store the temperature to generate power. The electrical part was built with several components connected together. The steam comes from the water tubes that enter and move the turbine to generate electricity and other components. Index Terms — Concentrated solar power (CSP) system, Fluid bed receiver, Heat transfer fluid (HTF), Thermal energy storage (TES).

The outpatient pharmacies in the big hospitals serve numerous patients daily. This fact leads the pharmacist to face many challenges throughout the day. Some of these challenges are providing the correct medications to every patient with the right amount, ensuring that every patient has a pharmaceutical consultation, and reducing the patient's waiting time. These challenges affect the dispensing process and increase the possibility of errors, especially with a high number of patients daily. Such errors are called dispensing errors which threaten patient life. Consequently, many automated solutions have been implemented to prevent dispensing errors and hasten the dispensing process. However, current automated systems are expensive to be implemented in most hospitals. The significance of this problem necessitates finding a cost-effective automated system that offers helpful features and can be applicable in many hospitals to prevent dispensing errors and reduce patients' waiting time. The Smart Interactive Pharmacy project aims to enhance pharmacy efficiency to facilitate the dispensing process, eliminate dispensing faults, reduce the average patients' waiting time, and increase consultation time. Therefore, three alternatives were proposed and evaluated to find the optimal solution for accomplishing the project objectives. The baseline design consists of hardware and software systems connected. Once the prescription is received in the pharmacy software system, and the pharmacist confirms the prescription, the Arduino microcontroller will activate the Servo motors to dispense the prescribed medicines simultaneously. Afterward, the Arduino activates the conveyor belt DC motors to transfer the medication to the final station. Furthermore, the system checks drug interaction and the required medicines' availability; if a drug interaction is detected or the medication is not available in the necessary quantity, the prescription will be modified according to the pharmacist's changes. Additionally, the software system can easily add a new drug or edit an existing drug's information or quantity. Index Terms — Arduino, Automated dispensing systems (ADS), Dispensing errors, Medication errors, Motor driver.

The aim of the Poor Posture Detector is to reduce the levels of musculoskeletal disorders in clerical workplaces by providing a device that monitors the user’s posture. The Poor Posture Detector consists of two main parts: a hardware device, and a software application. The hardware device is used to detects poor posture practices by monitoring the three major areas in determining posture which are the head, back region, and legs. To emphasize, the Poor Posture Detector monitors the posterior view and analyze the real-time signals to perform posture monitoring and provide the user postural feedback. The device then alarms the users of their posture status. The software application forms a personal database from the signals collected by the sensors to provide a daily status report on the posture of the user. This data is analyzed to anticipate potential problem regarding musculoskeletal disorders as well.

Proper functioning of the knee is necessary to bear the body weight and provide support and flexibility to the legs to ease lower limb activities. Unfortunately, knee joint problems are among the most commonly reported complaints across people of all ages. Conventional methods for knee problems are costly and time-consuming, which often frustrates patients. This project provides a wearable non-invasive knee joint monitoring system that consists of multiple low-cost, miniaturized sensors. The combined system can measure important biomechanical and physiological parameters related to knee joints. Among these parameters is the knee range of motion (ROM), which is determined using inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors. Other parameters, like knee skin temperature, muscle pressure forces, and skin conductance, are also measured. The collected data is processed using MATLAB to extract helpful information about the overall health state of the knee by referencing with a predefined dataset for healthy individuals. The patient may view the results in a graphical user interface (GUI) and share the data with his or her doctor as a less-costly means for clinical check-ups. Therefore, it aids in early diagnosis and eases the process of tracking rehabilitation progress.

In today's competitive and continuously growing business sectors, supermarkets need to develop and become automated to keep up with the rising demands in various fields. In supermarkets, dry food products such as spices, nuts, gummies, and herbs come in packaged boxes or are displayed in kiosks. In kiosks, the products are sold by a worker who weighs and packages them to a customized amount or mix. The current selling process of these products includes a high number of human interventions and low efficiency in maintaining the products' safety, quality, and freshness. This leads to the crucial need to automate the dry product kiosks. This project aims to automate the process of dispensing dry products effectively and accurately according to the customer's order (type and weight) while maintaining a clean, sterilized, and suitable environment for the dry products. To achieve these objectives, three alternatives were proposed and assessed to find the most optimum solution for this project. The project will include dry food dispensing containers attached to servo motors connected to Raspberry Pi that gets the order taken from the customer through a touchscreen. The dispensing process will be measured using a load sensor that sends feedback to the Raspberry Pi to control the motors. The customers can choose any product, specify weight, mix, and read all the information about their chosen products. Moreover, the system will be using a Point-of-Sale system to make the selling process easier for the retailer. The retailer can add a new product, update the current products' information, and see the previous purchases and products' status.

Upper limb amputees have been facing challenges of mobility and sensation reduction as a result of amputation. Current technologies in artificial arms offer several options, but the prices grow higher as the number and quality of options increases. Moreover, people with upper limb amputation (amputees) have difficulties performing simple tasks such as opening doors or holding a cup, which restricts the amputee's independence. Consequently, there is a need for a low-budget controlled artificial arm with functions that can compensate for the losses of limb functionality. To resolve this issue, a design a of a low-budget voice-recognition controlled artificial arm with five degrees of freedom is introduced. The project aims to design a system that controls partial hand mobility and grabbing action based on an Arduino microcontroller. The system activates the hand’s mobility with specified commands from the user only, received by the voice-recognition module. It also provides amputees the ability of grabbing objects firmly by employing IR (infrared) Proximity and Force Resistive (FSR) sensors. During the grabbing action, the system has the ability to detect the touched object's temperature and to display it via an LED indicator. Moreover, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is implemented in a tag form to automate door unlocking to have easy access. This technology of automated doors provides the user with security and safe entry by the authorized tag. Furthermore, using this artificial arm provides amputees with the independence needed to increase their self-confidence in society. It will help them to restore partial functionality of their arm in a modern way at an affordable price.

According to the 2030 vision of Saudi Arabia, the Kingdom is planning to not rely on oil and fuel economy and focus on alternative energy especially solar power. The geographical location of Saudi Arabia is strategic because it is positioned above the equator, which plays a role in the increase of sun density, and dependently increase solar power. Most of the solar panels in the Kingdom are located in arid regions because of the clear sky and high solar radiation. Unfortunately, these areas are subjected to sandstorms that participate in reducing the output solar energy. Hence, cleaning the panels is mandatory to increase their reliability but doing so manually is neither feasible nor economical because of the difficult location and the huge solar farms. As a result, this project's objective is to design and build an automatic waterless cleaning system that determines the cleaning necessity by analyzing the surrounded weather using fuzzy logic. Three alternatives were generated to form the best combination of hardware and software components, and from them the supreme combination was chosen which consist of Radio Frequency communication (RF), MATLAB, Arduino UNO, and a brush to clean the surface of the panel. The system is made up of two parts; a cleaning device and a weather station. The cleaning device that is mounted on the panel consist of a brush and will operate when the weather station sends a signal via RF to initiate the cleaning. The weather station is constructed using several sensors connected together and analyzed using fuzzy logic, and the fuzzy logic will determine the need for cleaning.

Physical examination is the first step when seeking medical help. Palpation, which is the process of touching, sensing, and pressing on the patients’ body for general examination is one of the important steps’ healthcare professionals perform despite their specialization in the medical field. Based on the current situation of COVID-19 and the rise in the safety precautions standards, healthcare authorities dispensed with physical examination. Likewise, there are cases where patients located in distant places need to be diagnosed by specialized healthcare staff. Besides, there is no contribution in the biomedical field that recreates the palpation technique remotely through adaptive skin that bio-imitates the patients’ skin physical properties. This project proposes an adaptive skin that is completely automated through wireless communication with bi-directional feedback sensation. The adaptive skin simulates and recreates different patients’ skin physical properties including curvature, moisture, and temperature with the use of a sensorized device applied on the patients’ skin that includes force, moisture, and temperature sensors. This project is suitable for healthcare applications as an alternative to requiring direct contact between patients and healthcare professionals during palpation of physical examination. Three actuation techniques are used for the adaptive skin including pin-based shape deformation, moisture, and temperature actuators. The project aims to provide a remote personalized healthcare device with accurate data transference through wireless communication with an expected maximum delay of two minutes between the sensorized device on the patient side and the adaptive skin used by the healthcare professional.

Electricity production relies on non-renewable sources, mainly fossil fuel. However, due to the increasing demand for electricity production, these sources are no longer sufficient to cover the required production. Also, non-renewable resources have negative impacts on the environment that can be avoided by using renewable resources that are unlimited and more environmentally friendly. One of the most famous renewable resources is solar radiation which is the cleanest and the most reachable. The need for solar energy has increased due to the increased demand for renewable energy. Therefore, many solar systems have been designed, but mostly these systems have low energy production. As a result, there is a need for a system that modifies the defects in previous systems to maximize efficiency. Consequently, the Triple CCT Systems for High-Efficiency Solar Panels aims to modify the cleaning, cooling and tracking systems in order to generate power reaches 10% efficiency. In addition, one of the objectives is to reduce the heat of the panels produced from the perpendicularity to prevent negatively affecting efficiency. Also, protecting the panels against dust accumulation to maintain the panel’s efficiency. The quality of the panels can be increased by developing the three systems. As for the tracking system, solar radiation needs to be perpendicularly projected onto panels which can be done using mirrors. Moreover, the cooling system can be improved by creating a mechanism using water passing through copper pipes placed under the panels to absorb the heat. For the cleaning system, mirrors will cover and protect the panel whenever there is a dust-laden wind. Also, the system will be sensitive to the dust-laden wind, so a silicon foam brush starts moving forwards and backwards to clean the mirrors.

Crowding is an issue that people face during daily life (shopping malls, supermarkets, hospitals, schools, events, etc.). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends maintaining at least 1meter (3 feet) distance between people and avoiding crowded places. Overcrowding could lead to serious situations like suffocation, disease transmission, or even death. Event organizers and security staff work hard to prevent such issues, but they struggle to control crowds using the current systems that depend mainly on the human operator observation. The project's scope is crowd control which means measures taken to deal with crowds once they are out of control. So, the objectives of the CRGD system are to develop a system that limits the crowd by keeping at least 1meter distance between people, to apply a monitoring system that provides beneficial feedback to the operator showing the risk’s level, and to provide an audible alerting in the crowding zone. This eventually will help the attendees in the zone to have a comfortable experience and enjoy a safe socializing. To achieve all these objectives, the project uses a camera that captures images and sends them to Raspberry Pi. The received images are processed in Raspberry Pi using OpenCV with Python language to detect crowd. Once the crowd is detected the system fires an alert to warn the crowd using a speaker. Finally, the monitoring system is a website that provides the operator with feedback via Wi-Fi.

One of the most prominent terms of 2020 is COVID-19, which is the virus that has caused one of the greatest pandemics in recent years. The virus is characterized by how fast it spreads, and although it causes mild flu-like symptoms, there have been cases where the symptoms progressed into a deadly stage. Currently, there is no market-ready vaccination for the virus. So, countries have opted for preventative measures such as social distancing, wearing masks, washing hands, etc. These preventative measures have become habitual day-to-day rituals that must be abided to decrease the virus’s spread. However, there have been difficulties containing the virus in overcrowded situations where social distancing is hard to follow. There have also been multiple instances where patients have shown delayed symptoms and unknowingly spread the virus to those nearby. These difficulties indicate that there should be a smarter method of implementing proper preventive measures where individuals can feel confident in going out to perform their everyday routines in the current pandemic situation. Therefore, the proposed solution is a mask that can help the user maintain social distancing and monitor their vital signs to be aware of their health status. The baseline design of the proposed solution consists of a mask with detachable and adjustable straps. The mask consists of sensors that detect the distancing of people around the user and the user’s temperature and oxygen saturation levels. It is also connected to a mobile application, where all the alerts and information from the mask are displayed. The application helps the user track their vital signs and receive alerts in case of any abnormalities. In addition, it alerts the user when social distancing is not being respected. The mask’s main features are that it is lightweight so that it is comfortably worn, and it is easily cleaned for reusability.

The rapid increase in water demand has been followed by a lack of drinking water and low precipitation rates in remote regions. Solar energy coupled with desalination offers a promising reliability when it comes to covering main power and water requirements in remote arid regions. Although the water desalination process coupled with solar power PV arrays has improved enormously, its massive expansion is limited with several challenges. The water desalination consumes intensive amounts of energy to provide enough freshwater production rate for human consumption. Hence, the PV arrays requires a large space to produce a considerable amount of energy. The project aims to develop an off-grid solar-powered water desalination system to provide fresh water for rural communities, increase the efficiency of the electrical output of the photovoltaic panel by 15-20%, and provide an eco-friendly strategy for electrical energy generation coupled with a solar storage system to ensure power availability in the dark mode. The objectives will be achieved by developing an off-grid membrane distillation system coupled with RE. Accordingly, three solutions have been proposed that differ in the membrane configuration used. The first solution integrates DCMD with CPVT technology. In addition, the other solutions incorporate PVT technology into two different membrane distillation configurations, AGMD and SGMD respectively. Correspondingly, the optimum solution is chosen to be the first solution in which it is characterized with simple structure, high thermal energy efficiency and low installation cost. This project is using a solar powered desalination system to achieve an acceptable balance between water needs and availability. Moreover, this project achieves the design objectives through two main stages. First, the hardware and software set up by preparing the prototype collaborated with the Centre of Excellence in Desalination Technology in King Abdulaziz University with the software program installed in the centre. Second, experimenting and testing the fresh water output from the DCMD module with the CPV/T effect.

To most visually impaired members of society, one of the main barriers standing in their way to seamless day-to-day activities is the inability to navigate without assistance. Currently, the public’s solution to assisting the said community is by adapting visual signs to also incorporate Braille writing. However, this solution is indeed unreliable for indoor navigation due to the real issue lying behind how a member of the visually impaired society will reach the physical sign in the first place. Therefore, the proposed solution is an audio- based indoor navigation system which integrates localization, navigation, and speech recognition systems. If provided with more accessible navigation techniques within indoor environments, the visually impaired will be granted unassisted navigation which positively affects secure wayfinding, fast arrival to desired destinations, and smooth transitions to comfortable lifestyles. The proposed system aims to locate indoor positions with accuracy less than 3 meters via hybrid Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) -Wifi localization, respond to the user’s request in less than 10 seconds, and process different or synonymous specified key terms given by the user via hybrid HMM-NN speech recognition models. Furthermore, the basic working principle behind the navigation system starts off by taking the user’s requested destination as audio, which is then transformed to text. In parallel, the system locates the user position to generate the most accessible route to the desired destination. Lastly, it returns audio instructions to the user via headphones.

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, is rapidly growing in numerous sectors including civil, entertainment, and education. A UAV consists of several modules where each module includes several hardware parts that are programmed to perform a specific task. Numerous flight controller platforms that control such modules are available. However, one of the main challenges currently being addressed is the lack of standardization among these different platforms, which requires the user to have a solid background regarding the software configuration of the flight controller’s hardware parts. Students are the main group who face this difficulty due to their limited experience in the field. The objective of this project is to provide a modular software framework that could apply to different platforms. This framework requires minimum code reconfiguration when hardware components are changed, which is achieved by writing software libraries in C/C++. These libraries are mostly hardware independent and include several functions grouped according to the module they control. The calculations and algorithms are performed independently of the hardware microcontroller platforms. By providing open- source UAV libraries to students, they will be able to test and develop their designs with minor reconfigurability of code. The overall output of this project is a software platform for UAVs with hardware modularity.

Heart attacks were the leading cause of death in 2016. Elderly people have significant risk factors for heart attacks, and the situation becomes more fatal when the attack occurs suddenly. Under environment of unawareness and scarcity of monitoring devices, a heart attack may occur suddenly and rapidly that it leads to fatality. With objective of promoting an early detection of heart attacks in elders, the IoT Based Bracelet for Heart Attack Detection and Alert project is introduced. The project’s main targets can be summarized as: to build a heart attack detector wristband, to develop a mobile application that records the user’s vitals and alert them in case of abnormality, and to alert a chosen contact in case of emergency, by sending a text message with the location of the client. The design alternatives were developed according to the customer’s needs and literature review results, thus, three different alternatives were developed accordingly. The optimum chosen alternative for achieving the project’s goals will be monitoring the heart pulses and oxygen saturation level using a MAX30102 sensor, detects the heart attack while contrasting normal with abnormal readings, alerts the patient using a mobile application, sends a text message using Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), provides the location using Global Positioning System (GPS) and uses Bluetooth for wireless communication. Several engineering methodologies were utilized in order to accomplish the targeted project. This includes circuit schematics and flowchart of the project’s process. At the end of this project, methods of approaches, results, discussion and evaluation, difficulties and future suggestions are discussed and illustrated in details.

Amid Saudi Arabia’s 2030 vision, over the past three years, the Ministry of Education has planned for school transportation to cover more geographical areas and provide transportation services that are safe, cheap, and convenient. Hence, route optimization is a crucial factor in enhancing and improving transportation services. With today's technology, route optimization can be efficiently done using Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms. It helps in improving delivery time, reducing fuel costs, and increasing customer satisfaction. Manual and inefficient scheduling of school bus routes locally causes high costs and lengthy traveling time of vehicles. In addition, poor emergency management when school buses are enroute. The objectives of this project are to develop a machine learning-based route optimization algorithm for school transportation that reduces the travel time delay. Besides, provide dynamic route optimization that adapts to emergency conditions relating to the driver, students, and bus. In order to achieve those objectives, the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm will be utilized with the assists of Google Maps APIs and Firebase Google Cloud to deliver a mobile application for school bus providers. The output will be displayed through an LCD screen that is connected to a Raspberry Pi board, which will run the route optimization algorithm. In turn, the board will be connected to a GPS module that will be tracked by Google Maps API, backed up by the Firebase cloud database.

This report demonstrates the development of an automatic cash drawer. This project is developed to automate some of the tasks that are done by the cashier, such as counting and sorting money. Unintentional mistakes are easy to make in these two tasks, especially during rush hours. So, overages and shortages are frequently found, and the cash count rarely matches the expected revenue. The project aims to minimize losses in retail stores by developing the Point of Sale (POS) system. This can be achieved by identifying errors immediately, so the total cash in the drawer and the total count in the software are kept in balance. An objective is to offer more time for the cashier to communicate with customers and serve them effectively. Three alternatives were generated with differences in the mechanisms, microcontrollers, sensors, software, and power sources. Pugh technique was used to select the optimum design with consideration to the customer requirements. The selected design uses the feature matching technique. It is controlled by a Raspberry Pi and provided with a parcel sorting system. It detects outgoing banknotes by an IR sensor. The final product consists of two parts: hardware and software. The banknotes are placed in a box; then, they are scanned by Raspberry Pi and detected by feature matching to get the denomination of it. Then, every banknote is moved and passed to its correct place by a simple mobile robot. When a change is needed, the outgoing cash is detected using IR sensor and compared with the actual amount that has been calculated by the software. After finishing the design process and testing of the prototype. The mobile robot takes 15- 20 seconds to recognize the denominations of the banknote, and to put the banknotes to the right place in the cash drawer.

Nowadays, blind people make up a large proportion of the world population. They face difficulties in reading texts and identifying the values of banknotes. The available reading systems that blind people use for reading have cons, for instance, high cost and the permanent internet connection. Therefore, this project presents a dual-task device that recognizes the English text embedded in captured images and converts them into audible speech. Besides, reads the denominations of the Saudi currency. The project consists of four main functions which are Image Acquisition, Text Recognition, Currency Recognition, and Text to Speech conversion (TTS). The functions are achieved by using a camera to capture the image. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) was used to recognize the text, and the Region of Interest (ROI) method was used to extract the text in the currency and pyttsx speech synthesizer was used for TTS. Furthermore, the project was implemented using Python programming language and OpenCV library with the use of a Raspberry Pi board as the main processor. The external structure of the product is in the form of lightweight eyeglasses.

Subul (inArabic: سُبُل ) is a system to automate the lost-of-found operation in Al-Haramain and especially during Hajj. It is based on the BLEtechnology. Pilgrims will be given special Subul-Wristbands with embedded BLE tags. Subul-Stations (nodes) will be spread all over the intended area. Subul-App (user application) will be available on mobile phones to know the current location of a lost pilgrim. A lost pilgrim will just have to approach a Subul-Station and his/her location will be immediately detected and shown on the Subul-App.

Wireless power transfer technology attains its popularity, where broad range of application and research are performed in the field of medical implantable applications such pacemakers. Pacemakers have benefited millions of patients up till now. However, the energy supply has always been the main limitation for its application. The implanted pacemakers use non-rechargeable batteries with a limited lifespan. As a result, thousands of patients are at risk of serious infections caused by doing multiple replacement surgeries whenever the battery expires. The aim of this research is to design a working prototype that wirelessly charges a pacemaker's battery. The system of the project consists of two main sections; transmitter and receiver. The transmitter coil is placed outside the human body, whereas the receiver coil is located inside the human body in the pacemaker. The transmitter part starts with the oscillator that generates 12V and 1MHz. The generated alternating current will pass through a transmitter coil inducing voltage at the receiver where ferrite is used as the core. Both primary and secondary coils should be tuned to resonate at the same frequency to enhance charging efficiency using the resonant inductive coupling principle. The rectifier takes the received AC and convert it to DC since it is needed to charge a rechargeable lithium iodine battery. Then, Arduino is added to indicate the battery voltage level. In conclusion, using this project will eliminate the number of replacement surgeries and the patient is expected to have just one charging visit per year.

Controlling and monitoring the vital signs have an important value in real-world projects and in medical fields applications. Today's infant incubators aim to provide the premature babies with suitable environment factors in order to motivate the completion of their incomplete bodily system. However, current incubators are confronted with several drawbacks. The three most common ones are the high cost, the late response in emergency situations, and the lack of data provided to the parents. Customers require incubators that follow a low-cost secured design, with an automatically controlled system and high accurate measurements. Hence, several methodologies were performed to solve these problems and satisfy the customer needs. This project aims at designing and implementing a cost effective, fast response, Arduino-based system. The system will use Arduino Uno to handle all the required computations, a DHT22 sensor to sense the ambient temperature and humidity, a lamp and fan to control the temperature, a PIR motion sensor to monitor the respiration rate, and a CCTV camera module to record and send live data. The system will get the parameters' readings from the Arduino and display them on an LCD. A visual LED matrix is used as an alarm in case of abnormal changes. The final product successfully achieved the objectives, and the results were verified through several tests and validation procedures.

Lack of awareness about the amount of energy that people are consumed daily, besides the limited established resources of electrical energy are initiating humans toward power consumption technologies. Regarding the dependency of all life aspects on energy, there is a critical need for monitoring and controlling systems to be established. This project presents an Iot-Based Power Monitoring System that is capable of reducing the power consumption by raising awareness about the amount of energy being consumed. The system design consists of four main stages: determining the amount of current flow using a current sensor connected to an Arduino microcontroller, calculating power using a Raspberry Pi, processing and storing data in a cloud server, and finally, giving feedback to users through a mobile application.

Medicines of all kinds are some of the most urgent human needs. Pharmacies are the places where communities used to store, organize and maintain medicines. Visiting an ordinary pharmacy usually wastes time and effort. A more modern option is the automated pharmacy, where robots are involved to perform most tasks related to medicine dispensing. Such a method is without a doubt very effective; however, it is not affordable for all organizations. The pharmacy Dispensing System aims to reduce the searching time for medicines by extracting the desired medicine after all the required information has been entered into the system. At the same time, the system will reduce the number of pharmacists per pharmacy, so that pharmacists can perform tasks more related to their major. In addition, the project also aims to reduce the average time that patients wait for their medicines. The concept of the pharmacy dispensing system project is based on defining an intermediate device which can operate automatically and accurately, while considering a reasonable cost. The device is similar to a vending machine but specialized for medicines only. It is connected to a windows software program which allow authorized pharmacists to enter the system and choose the required medicine. Once the medicine is chosen, the machine will deliver the medicine to the pharmacists. This process will reduce searching time and effort for the required medicines. The design process of the system involved three alternatives, however the optimum design allows only authorized employees to access the system. Also, it includes horizontal tilted shelves connected to a crane that works on both x and y axis to handle the medicine. The crane is operating with two stepper motors, and the whole system is controlled using Arduino Mega. The software interface is designed via Visual studio using C#. The project’s social impact is enhancing pharmacists’ work as well as letting them concentrate in their work, on the other hand, it will assist in the patients’ life. the project will benefit in the commercial area for companies which offer pharmacists machines. It is expected to be environmentally friendly by not producing any environmental waste. Gannt chart is used to manage the project and scheduling time. This project is a step in the development of affordable pharmacy dispensing systems, and for sure there is more to have in the future.

Due to the advancement of technology in today's world, new inventions are coming into existence on a daily basis. There have been immense advances in technology in most aspects of life, especially in the field of industry. In this modernized era, these is not sufficient time to continue using traditional manual techniques, so many industries have switched to more advanced mechanisms. The focus has also shifted to power efficiency of equipment being utilized. The majority of equipment employed in industries, such as drills, pumps, elevators etc., operates on electricity. Electrical energy is considered as an essential source of power for the development of any industry. The power factor provides a comprehensive view about the stability and efficiency of the system to produce useful work from the supply power. A low power factor results in useless current that affects the line plus a penalty from the electricity company. Noticeable reduction in energy consumption costs can be realized by keeping the power factor close to unity. The work implemented is cared about improving the power factor correction according to Arduino which can control the power factor automatically and realize the process of the switching in order to preserve a wanted level of power factor which accomplishes standard norms. An Automatic Power Factor Correction device is realized by Arduino. From the system the current and voltage waves are sampled and considered as input to calculate the power factor. If it is beyond the desired value, the relay’s unit switches the capacitor banks on automatically in order to compensate the reactive power. The number of capacitors to be switched on or off is determined by the Arduino’s microcontroller, according to the desired power factor and the system power factor. The controlling and measurement of various probable load forms proposed that only the inductive loads needed power factor improving. After utilizing the correction tool, the desired power factor of 0.95 is accomplished.

Health care is one of the most important issues in our era. There are a lot of paralyzed patients who are not able to execute their daily routines easily. The IoT Control Glove helps these paralyzed people control simple devices as well as ask for assistance from their nurses. To implement this project, the problem was defined and the objectives that should be achieved were clarified. Furthermore, the specifications were determined according to the customer's needs. Based on that and after a deep study of a literature review, the project alternatives have been generated. The best alternative was selected using several techniques which was (Flex Sensor Control Glove). After the best alternative was chosen, the components were determined with the engineering standards. The cost analysis was set with the environmental, society and global impacts. Finally, all the trials done for this project were listed with the results, discussion and evaluation of solutions.

Nowadays, education organizations have become huge and divergent, and finding resources and tools that are related to the subjects is challenging for students. Therefore, a website which works as a communication medium between students, alumni and faculties can solve the problem by helping them stay in touch whenever they need anything related to their major. This project aims to develop the Help Spot System, with latest technology and components such as, Beaglebone, Smart Door Latch, and Logitech Webcam. This design satisfies the project objectives and solves the problem in the shortest period of time. The project is designed especially for students who face a problem spending a lot of money on supplies, from books and tools, to resources that are related to their field. Usually students prefer to borrow supplies from older students within the university. But the lack of communication amongst the students make this process harder. This Help Spot System aims to close the gap and help students and faculty members find whatever they need, whenever they want. Based on requirements, three alternative designs are generated as solutions for the problem. The first and second alternatives involve using Three-Tier Architecture and Fortify hosting software. The third and best solution develops a website, a mobile application, and a secure locker were used to provide a self-delivery option. What is more, the website is adaptable for different screen sizes. In addition, automatic monitoring guaranteed malware removal, open-source programming languages are used. Chatbot is also provided as a customer support service.

Over the decades, fast solutions to the Rubik’s cube puzzle have been a fascination for both researchers and hobbyists. In fact, this interest has increased with the evolution of technology to not only trying to find fast human-oriented solutions, but to also automate the process for faster and more efficient solutions. The main challenge of this project was to design a set of robotic arms which had the ability to solve a 3x3x3 Rubik’s cube as well as to devise an algorithm for solving this problem in the shortest time possible. By overcoming these challenges, the project aimed to provide an edutainment platform for youngsters to learn about a robotic arm application. In order to achieve the goal, many design alternatives have been studied and analyzed. These alternatives have different components, such as motor type, power source and microcontroller type. In addition, the differences related to body structure such as number of arms used and the material which the structural body is made from. After analyzing, consulting and voting, the chosen alternative was a robot with a 3D-printed body that utilizes six stepper motors to move the arms, and the microcontroller used is an Arduino Uno. The robot takes the Rubik’s cube’s sides as an input from the user and uses Kociemba's algorithm to solve the cube. The performance of the robot is evaluated based on the time it takes to solve a randomly scrambled Rubik’s Cube. It is found that the average time taken to solve 15 randomly scrambled Rubik’s Cubes is 17.53 seconds with an average of 16 movements.

Energy harvesting technology are cost-competitive with conventional energy source in many application. The project’s prototype applies one of these technologies containing piezoelectric sensors planted on path on the floor in a space of (2*1) square meter with number of 30 cells, these cells are also settled on the wheels of small toy car with number of 48 cells. The main purpose of this system is to provide any lighting system with power. The system is supported by motion detector (PIR) to save power when there is no human presence. The real implementation would be on a large scale that has wider area e.g (30*20) square meter with a vehicle's weight reach up to 40 tons. This will lead to generating much more power thus reducing a huge amount of excessive electricity consumption used in the lighting system.

Fire accidents are one of the most serious problems facing the occupied areas. It causes damages and human losses. One of the most important places occupied with many people is schools. Therefore, the emergency evacuation system for Elementary schools and Kindergarten implemented to have an advanced fire protection system. The system has two main ideas, the first is to implement a system that speed up the evacuation process by alerting people and guide them to the emergency exits in the safest way. The second is to improve the process of reporting the civil defense by send the school information.

Novel technique for parking management system (NTPMS) manages the vehicles parking by enabling drivers to identify an available parking lot and guide them to it in a quickly way. The design of this system goes back to the difficulty that drivers usually face while looking for a parking in a busy city. The NTPMS project was able to adapt the solution by designing a software application and hardware system which collate and analyse live information of the parking space and enable the user to interact with it. Also, the application can save the car’s location to go back to it.

In order to reduce the effect of fire casualties on firemen and people who are stuck inside the fire, The Multi-Agent Robots for Human Detection aims to detect and search for human presence in inside the room, By scanning the room with the communication between the robots to reduce the overlapping and increasing the search area. Then the robot that found human, it will send the location as notification message to the firemen to rescue him. The fig shows the simulation of the project.

Due to busy lifestyle, owners of houseplants either forget or have no time to water them, many houseplants die because of insufficient watering. The system comprises of two modules. Robot Module, ATmega328P is used to control the robot based on the information that received from sensors. Two different sensors type are used, Ultrasonic sensors for distance measurement and IR receiver to identify the IR ray intensity. On the other hand, sensing module is controlled using Arduino and the soil moisture sensor will recognize the plant need for water. For communication between the plant and the robot, IR modules used.

ACurrent methods used for detecting victims buried under collapsed buildings by rescue teams are not effective. Having a project that can give the accurate coordinates of the victim is essential. The project consists of a thermal camera, which will send pictures of the thermal situation of the damaged area to the raspberry pi to analyze it by image processing. When a victim is found, an activation signal is sent to the GPS system to receive the coordinates of the UAV. The processor then combines the location and picture to send a message to the rescue team via the GSM module.

Wireless power transmission is about transferring the energy without physical connection. A case in point is the pacemaker that works in place of a defective heart valve, implanted under chest. Despite its great benefit, the patient has to undergo an operation to exchange the battery every time it finishes. The project aims to eliminate the need of this surgery by charging the battery wirelessly. This project uses an electronic circuit which converts AC 220V to AC 12V. The output is fed into a tuned coil, forming a primary air core transformer. The secondary transformer develops a voltage of 12volt. Thus, the power transfer is done by the primary transformer (transmitter) to the secondary transformer (receiver), which is separated with a small distance, to run load.

People need a smart system that guarantied fast rescue by detecting the serious accident once it happens, and reporting the Saudi Red Crescent Authority (SRCA) automatically to save human’s lives. As a solution, Self-Emergency System (SES) has a devise to detect abnormal vibrations occur from accidents. The device also includes a communication module sends accident information (i.e. location, time of crash and vehicle's registration plate number) to a monitor in SRCA. Furthermore, SES has a website for SRCA includes a map with a set of hospitals’ markers. The website routes the shortest path between the accident and the nearest hospital.

Female Engineering Students at King Abdulaziz University, are required to do Internship in order to meet their academic credential hours and graduate. The current situation is that the internship process is done manually and having almost 80% of the students relying on them, is difficult, because although the training unit in the faculty are responsible for that process, but it takes them a lot of time, requires significant number of human resources and will involve lots of documentations and papers to get the job done. Such system could be approached via several ways, for instances, it could be a system that runs on mobile devices, a regular website, or a responsive design website, which was chosen in this project, since it will be applied to different browsers that the users might be using, either in their desktop or mobile devices, satisfying each and every customer needs in this problem.

E-SHIRT is an assistive tool, which is designed and aimed to improve the communication effectiveness between the speech-impaired people and the society at the public places of interest. It comes in the form of flexible material that is attached on a shirt (this makes it so called E-SHIRT). In order to receive the input from the user, the E-SHIRT system comes with mobile application (Apps) for the user to express their needs and display it electronically using LED matrix on the shirt they wear. The user can express their needs easily and does not need to use sign language.

Although it is commonly known for a Global Positioning System (GPS) to find the location of objects, it is an unreliable technique when dealing with confined spaces. A GPS can have disastrous limitations in autonomous flying if control is lost due to its inability to detect locations in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions such as in indoor environments. This project aims to develop an indoor positioning system that detects the relative position of a moving or stationary object. To achieve this goal, three anchors with Ultra-Wide band (UWB) sensors mounted on them were used to calculate the distance between the tag (object) and the anchors. However, unlike traditional approaches, the anchors were set less than a meter apart, a configuration that would normally jeopardize accuracy. The distance provided from the anchors was processed using an advanced method of trilateration to estimate the tag’s position. Various filter approaches were further applied to offer more accurate results. The developed algorithm was validated on-board bringing us to the conclusion that such a system can be commercialized as a compact kit and setup whenever an indoor positioning system is needed.

Nowadays, with the expansion of big cities in Saudi Arabia, people face a problem to find places without using a map. Unfortunately, some important places do not appear at the google map such as Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) and when they find it, it may be out of service. Also, it will take a lot of time to find another working ATM with all the traffic on streets. Therefore, this project will give the solution for this problem through a smart phone application and the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) that considers as the second generation and evolution of Internet architecture.  It will allow objects to be sensed and controlled remotely, create smarter solutions to improve the life style and change everything including the human behaviors. In addition, IoT will create new opportunities for achieve seamless connection between the physical world and computer based systems. So, the aims of this project is to build the ATM finder location system that will identify the nearest working ATM to the user, the list of services provided and determine if the ATM is available or not. The general alternative designs are implemented to achieve the requirements and specifications of the project. The structure of the three alternative designs is divided into four parts which are sensor node to sense the object, gateway layer to connect the sensor node with the service layer, The Cloud that will be used to store and process the data and interface application that will display the data to the user. Pugh's method was used to select the optimum alternative design. The optimum design will be a Raspberry PI Camera that will capture the picture of the ATM surrounded area. Then the data will be processed and transferred to Cloud through a router. Also, the user will be informed about the ATM information which contains two type of data which are static data and dynamic data. For example, the name of the bank and the list of services provided will be considered as a static data and the availability of the ATM will be considered as a dynamic data.

In recent years many cases of suffocation in school buses among pupils and students have been reported due to poor safety measures. To overcome this critical issue, this project aims to provide a well-designed, safety system for school buses. This system is designed to monitor inside the vehicle and provide feedback if a passenger is left behind or tapped inside the bus. The baseline design was selected over other designs as it is more efficient and satisfies most of the customer’s needs. The system design is divided into two subsystems: one of which uses RFID technology to sense the passenger’s movement and perform alerting responses if required. The second subsystem is responsible for detecting the carbon dioxide levels and opening the bus windows accordingly, to prevent suffocation and breathing issues. This project can further be improved to be bench marketed for commercial use in personal and private vehicles. In addition to that, the idea also could be extended to any public transport system, class rooms in the schools, office buildings, public prayer halls, kids play area, etc.

Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) began in the early 20th century when Nikola Tesla discovered that energy could be transferred by electromagnetic waves without the need of conductors. At that time, his ideas were not considered; however, they show the path to the development of wireless power transmission technology. WPT technology has become a necessity because it is an efficient, safe, nonhazardous solution for recharging electronic mobile devices. The motivation for wireless power comes from physical wires being cumbersome, complicated and dangerous. Also, WPT eradicates the hazardous use of electrical wires which involve a complicated connections and difficult organizing. Furthermore, transmitting power without using wires is an effective, cheap and efficient, which can efficiently transmit electrical power to a required area varying in distance without affecting the surrounding environment. The objective of this project is to develop an efficient power transceiver for mobile phone charging system. For this project, we have generated three alternative solutions each of them utilizes different WPT method. The first solution is based on the radio frequency method and the second solution is based on the capacitive inductive method whereas the third solution is based on the inductive coupling method. The chosen solution is the first one which is the one that based on radio frequency method. It was chosen because it got the highest score after using Pugh’s method which is an effective technique that used for selecting the best solution. The project was analyzed, designed and fabricated by using FR-4 substrate material and thin film and photolithographic technique. Finally, the circuit was measured by using the vector network analyzer. The results meet our goal.

Solar panel has been used increasingly in the last 10 years to produce electrical energy. It is considered a smart way to generate the power depending on the renewable energy which is the sun. Depending on the national geographic site the power that the earth received from the sun is around 84 Terawatts and the world consumes about 12 Terawatts of power per day, trying to consume more energy from the sun using solar panel was a good idea to produce energy and to reduce the pollution. There are many projects that had been applied to achieve this idea over the world. The solar panel can be used in a fixed system or in the tracking system. The maximum energy that produced by the solar panel was the basic idea to stating applying the solar tracking system project. There are two types of tracking witch are: single axis and dual axis, this make the project applicable in multi technique. The most important objective of this project is that to develop a low cost solar tracking system for a photovoltaic panel in order to maximize the electrical power generated. Some alternative solutions were generated using the Morphological Chart procedure (“it is a method to generate ideas in an analytical and systematic manner’’) to help building the system in a perfect way. According to these alternative solutions the optimum solution will be chosen depending on Pugh’s Technique that lead to the 3rd alternative which its characteristic are dual axis, uses photovoltaic solar energy with LDR sensor for tracking, servo motor to move the panels, and Arduino programming. The baseline design will be defined in functional block diagram where the movement of the solar panel by the motor and the detection of the intensity light considered as the basic functions in this project.

Since the worldwide energy demands have been increased during the last two decades, the deleterious effects of electric power generated by oil and gas are increasingly apparent. With the aim of limiting these effects, appropriate actions aimed to reducing the dependence on hydrocarbon power. The most important action is finding clean and renewable energy resources to develop the human civilization without harmed the world. The rectenna is a new technology in harvesting energy that been developed snice 2014. Although the life time of the rectenna is almost unlimited, it also has a few problems with its efficiency. The objective of this project is to develop a prototype broadband rectenna for energy harvesting with low cost and high efficiency. The rectenna will be able to convert radio frequency (RF) signals into DC power. Several designs and solutions are proposed in report. By using several techniques, the optimum solution was chosen. The baseline design of the chosen solution is a rectenna circuit consists three parts. The first part is a receiving broadband antenna implemented using partial ground technique. The second part is a low pass filter using transmission lines. The third part is a RF-DC conversion rectifier. Broad Band rectenna is designed and fabricated by using a lossy dielectric substrate material with εr = 4.5, so the challenge was to come up with suitable design that contain a Microstrip patch receiving antenna that receive and collect the RF waves and operate at 5.2 GHz by using FR-4 material. Followed by low pass filter that minimize the power transferred to the rectifier that convert the AC power to DC power. The design has been simulated by using a two software packages, Zeland IE3d and CST Suit and fabricated by using thin film and photolithographic technique.

This report discussed the health monitoring watch as senior design project. Monitoring the patient's health is one of the important health care services that would improve and save the humans life especially for elderly who have chronic diseases. The nature of elderly aging is the reason of putting them in needful to health care continuation. Furthermore, they are significantly exposed to critical medical situations may lead to death. Emerging help must be available and has a response action as fast as possible which will be saving the lives. In order to provide high quality services, some technologies used such as Wi-Fi or others. The health monitoring watch was found to be satisfying most of the design requirements and can be implemented within the required period of the senior design project. Also, this device will provide a real- time monitoring of patient heart rate and body temperature. As well as, it will send an SMS to the patient’s doctor or hospital in case of emergence. Since, the health monitoring device is watch so it is wearable and light weight devices. Also, it has a user interface and easy to use especially for elderly.

People who suffer from an amputation are a reduction of that person’s mobility, meaning that they will not be able to walk as they did pre-injury or surgery. But  the advent of technologies have facilitated a lot of their suffering , brain-computer interfaces technology (BCI) can be used in prosthesis to being able to mimic the functionality of  the human hand , improve interaction ability with the surrounding environment and  helping them to achieve a better quality of life. In this project, the customer wants the team to collect and utilize the signals from the brain to reliably predict what the amputation  person would want to do. Once this information is known, it can be passed on to the right hardware to execute his command properly. So, the team promote robot-aided solutions by integrates a motion control strategy for a robot arm, based on the processing of EEG signals provided by a commercial 5-electrode headset. The robotic arm moves based on the brain activity. The brain activity read signal by EMOTIV Insight headset kit , which this kit contains a sensor. After the adjustment of the hardware components, an embedded code is implemented for the data transmission between the sensor and the Arduino board.

Light transportation within the campus is one of the most important services that must be provided for students and faculty members especially in big universities. These services are much crucial for those with special needs like pregnant women and those with disabilities. In King Abdul-Aziz University, the current transportation method, which relays on golf carts is inefficient and does not meet the students' and faculty members' satisfactions. The main objective of this project is to develop an efficient transportation system that provide accurate schedules, fastest service and making a balance between supply and demand without affecting the budget. Based on the problem statement and the project's objective, three alternative solutions that could meet the requirements to solve the problem were identified. By using Pugh's method, the optimum alternative solution which is; an autonomous robot that detects and follows a black line on a white surface by using infrared ray sensor (IR), detect the obstacles within the path using an ultrasonic sensor and also a Wi-Fi connection with external display will send the arrival time of the robot along with the delay time to specified location was chosen. The functional block diagram for the optimum alternative design will show three main parts to operate the robot, which are; object detection system, line detection and movement system, and data transfer system. The implementation of the hardware of this alternative design will be done using the following components; an Arduino controller board, a position control servo motor, an IR (infrared ray) sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, resistors and battery. Also, a computer program which is Arduino software will be used to write the codes and program the robot.

Nowadays, there are systems that help humans to detect objects in the dark for rescue people. One of these vital systems is modern surveillance systems, which have been expanding and spreading largely due to the contribution of these systems to reducing the rate of crime and thefts by subjecting public places or private control systems with the development of modern science. Also, there are a lot of studies in equipping drones for at sea search and rescue for helping coast guard save sailors’ lives. Actually, the sensitivity of the human eye to the light of certain intensity differs highly over the wavelength range between 380 and 800 nm. Hence, according to facts, the human cannot see objects in complete darkness. The real problem is that when the accidents occur for sailors or even when people sinking, coast guard reaches to them with difficulty and sometimes in the late time since coast guard cannot cover all the sea area in short time to reach people and rescue them, especially in complete darkness. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to develop an object detection system for search and rescue people even in the complete darkness and cover the sea area in an efficient short time. Morphology chart was applied to generate the alternatives according to the requirements, constraints, specifications and the block diagram for each solution was provided. By using that method, there were three suitable alternatives for solving the problem and the description. In this report, the working for each of these alternatives has been described in details. Accordingly, the optimum chosen solution has been decided by using Pugh’s method technique, which is used for evaluating multiple options. In this regard, the design that was chosen is the drone moving remotely by using radar system. The mechanism of the project is that the servomotor rotates clockwise and clockwise along with ultrasonic sensor, which measures the object’s distance. Then, the system will check for any object below the threshold distance, if there is an object in this limit, the system will calculate the GPS coordinates and send the SMS message with details of object's location including distance from drone to the user. Based on the result, the project can detect objects and get the distance and the GPS coordinates.